9L0-410, 9L0-410 Dumps|9L0-410 Exam

OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
1
OS X Support Essentials 10.7
Exam Preparation Guide
Updated December 2011Contents
About This Guide ………………………………………………………………………………………………..3
Becoming an Apple Certified Support Professional …………………………………….3
Exam Details ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..4
Recommended Exam Preparation …………………………………………………………………..4
Chapter One: Installation and Configuration ………………………………………………..6
Chapter Two: User Accounts …………………………………………………………………………….9
Chapter Three: File Systems ………………………………………………………………………………13
Chapter Four: Data Management …………………………………………………………………….18
Chapter Five: Applications and Processes ……………………………………………………..22
Chapter Six: Network Configuration ………………………………………………………………..27
Chapter Seven: Network Services ……………………………………………………………………32
Chapter Eight: Peripherals and Printing ………………………………………………………….37
Chapter Nine: System Startup ………………………………………………………………………….39
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
2
TM and © 2011 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. Other product and company names mentioned herein may be trademarks of
their respective companies. Mention of third-party products is for information purposes only and constitutes neither an
endorsement nor a warranty. Apple assumes no responsibility with regard to the selection, performance or use of these
vendors or products.About This Guide
This guide provides all the information you need to prepare to earn the
Apple Certified Support Professional certification. From this guide you can:
• Learn about Apple Certification
• Find out how to take an exam
• Locate resources to help you prepare for an exam
• Review the range of objectives that the exam may cover
• Get a feel for the type of questions that appear on the exam
Becoming an Apple Certified Support Professional
The Apple Training and Certification program is designed to keep you at
the forefront of Apple technology. Certification creates a benchmark to
demonstrate your proficiency in specific Apple technologies and gives you
a competitive edge in today’s evolving job market.
Apple offers three OS X certifications: Apple Certified Associate: Mac
Integration, Apple Certified Support Professional, and Apple Certified
Technical Coordinator. For more information on all OS X certifications,
visit training.apple.com/certification/macosx.
Apple Certified Support Professional (ACSP) certification verifies an
understanding of OS X core functionality and an ability to configure key
services, perform basic troubleshooting, and support multiple users
with essential OS X capabilities. ACSP certification is designed for the help
desk professional, technical coordinator, or power user who supports Mac
OS X users, manages networks, or provides technical support for the Mac.
Students earn ACSP certification by passing the OS X Support Essentials
10.7 exam administered only at Apple Authorized Training Centers
(AATCs). Certification exams don’t require class attendance, and all AATCs
offer all exams, even if they don’t offer the corresponding course.
Many Apple Certification exams are available in multiple languages. For
details, visit training.apple.com/certification/localized.
What are the benefits of Apple Certification?
Besides differentiating you as a skilled user and support professional for OS
X Lion, becoming an Apple Certified Support Professional allows you to
leverage the power of the Apple brand. When you pass a certification
exam, you receive an email with a PDF copy of your Apple certificate, along
with instructions on how to order a printed or a printed and framed
certificate. The email includes LinkedIn, Facebook, and Twitter icons to
make it easy for you to share your certification news with your networks on
these sites.
You also receive a login for the Apple Certification Records System, where
you can:
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
3• Update your profile information and opt in to display your Apple
Certification(s) on the Apple Certified Professionals Registry
• Review your certification progress
• Download your certification logo(s) to use on business cards, resumes,
websites, and more
• Provide access to employers to verify your certifications
Exam Details
The Apple Pro Training Series book OS X Lion Support Essentials by Kevin M.
White prepares you to take the certification exam to earn Apple Certified
Support Professional certification.
The OS X Support Essentials 10.7 exam is a computer-based test offered at
AATCs. To find the closest AATC, visit training.apple.com/locations.
Many AATCs schedule certification exam sessions at training.apple.com/
schedule. If you don’t see a session scheduled at your nearest AATC,
contact the AATC and it may be able to schedule a session. Please note
that all AATCs offer all Mac OS X and pro apps exams, even if they
don’t offer the corresponding course.
The OS X Support Essentials 10.7 exam details:
• Exam number: 9L0-410
• Number of test questions: Approximately 80 technical, five
demographic (unscored)
• The exam uses a random pool of multiple-choice, fill-in-the-blank, and
interactive-media questions
• Passing score: 73 percent (scores are not rounded; you must earn a
score of 73 percent or higher to pass the exam)
• Details on exam scoring are at training.apple.com/certification/faq
• Exam duration: Two hours
• Some exams are also available in other languages; for details, visit
training.apple.com/certification/localized
The exam timer does not start until you view the first technical question.
You may not access any resources or references during the exam.
If you have additional questions about exams, please visit
training.apple.com/certification/faq for more information.
Recommended Exam Preparation
We recommend the following exam preparation strategies:
• Gain experience with OS X.
• Learn from experts: Lion 101: OS X Support Essentials 10.7.
• Study the Apple Pro Training Series book OS X Lion Support Essentials by
Kevin M. White.
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
4• Review the optional study materials.
• Review the objectives and sample questions in this guide.
Gain experience with OS X
Nothing can substitute for time spent learning the technology firsthand.
After you read the book and/or take the class, spend time increasing your
familiarity with OS X on your own to ensure your success on the
certification exam.
Learn from experts
Apple Authorized Training Centers (AATCs) offer classes where you can
learn hands on with the technology and benefit from the expertise of
Apple Certified Trainers and your peers. Visit the Apple Training and
Certification website to find course offerings at nearby AATCs.
Study the Apple Pro Training Series book
Apple Pro Training Series books are the basis for the related Apple
Certification exams. The book for this exam is Apple Pro Training Series OS
X Lion Support Essentials. You can purchase the book at peachpit.com (click
here for a 30 percent discount code). Creative Edge, an on-demand digital
library, offers subscription access to the Apple Training and Apple Pro
Training Series, as well as thousands of other reference videos and books. If
you use an iPad, you can get an electronic version on the iBookstore. Some
books are also available in other languages. Click here for details.
Review the optional study materials
The following resources may also help you prepare for your certification
exam, as well as expand your general knowledge:
• Open the Help documentation from the Help menu in OS X Lion.
• With the Test Yourself app, designed for iPad and iPhone, students can
review and assess their knowledge of the material in the OS X Support
Essentials 10.7 exam. The app will be available in early 2012.
• For information on the Apple Training Program, visit
training.apple.com/.
Review the objectives and review questions
Even if you’re self-taught or have taken courses that don’t use the Apple
Pro Training Series curriculum, you can still prepare for the certification
exam by making sure that you can complete all the tasks and answer all
the review questions in the following sections.
The exam objectives describe the knowledge domains assessed by the
exam. The review questions summarize what you should have learned in
each chapter. Please note that although this guide divides the objectives
into chapters or knowledge areas, questions are presented randomly
during the exam.
The number of test questions drawn from each knowledge area is
indicated for each of the following chapters.
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
5Chapter One: Installation and Configuration
Upon completion of Chapter One, “Installation and Configuration” in OS X
Lion Support Essentials, you should be able to complete the following tasks.
Nine items from this chapter are included in the pool of exam questions.
Questions are drawn randomly from the following objectives:
•
Identify the version of firmware installed on a Mac OS X computer
• Use the appropriate firmware update utility to update a Mac
computer’s firmware
• On a Mac running Lion Installer, use Lion Recovery to restore the
computer’s hard disk from a Time Machine backup
• Document an OS X Mac computer’s network settings
• Locate late-breaking news about OS X in Apple’s knowledge base on
the Internet
• From a description of organizational needs, identify an appropriate
partition structure for the hard disk where OS X will be installed
• From a description of organizational needs, identify an appropriate
volume format for all partitions of the hard disk where OS X will be
installed
• On a Mac running Lion Installer, format the computer’s hard disk into
one or more partitions in a specific volume format
• Verify and repair file and folder permissions on the hard drive
• On a Mac running Lion Recovery, configure the computer to boot from
a specific disk
• On a Mac running the OS X Installer, verify that installation was
successful
• On a Mac running the OS X Installer, view the OS X installation log
• Troubleshoot a failed OS X installation
• State the minimum hardware requirements to install OS X
• Verify that a Mac meets the minimum hardware requirements to install
the latest OS X software
• List four critical steps that should be taken prior to installing OS X
•
Identify the latest version of firmware available for your Mac
• Verify that installed applications are compatible with OS X
• Describe how formatting a Mac computer’s hard disk into a single
partition can simplify the process of preparing to install OS X
• Describe how formatting a Mac computer’s hard disk into multiple
partitions makes it easier to configure and use the Mac
• Describe how to use a multiple-partition drive to simplify maintenance
of multiple operating systems
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
6• Describe how to simplify separating operating system data and user
data by using a multiple-partition drive
• Describe OS X installation, including decisions made in response to
Installer interface options
• List what utilities are available when a Mac is booted from the OS X
recovery volume
• State where in the GUI interface you configure network settings
• Migrate user data from a Time Machine backup to a new Mac
• Provide OS X registration information to the Setup Assistant utility
• Configure a local administrator account
• Configure a computer’s network connection(s) and time zone settings
• Access preference configurations
• Use the Internet to install Apple software updates
• Download software updates to install on multiple computers
• Open the System Information utility
•
Install Apple and third-party packages, including home directories,
network-install packages, and signed packages
• Compare and contrast the five categories of preferences in System
Preferences: Personal, Hardware, Internet & Network, System & Other
• Describe how the Software Update utility makes software updates
available to client computers through the utility’s preference pane in
System Preferences or Software Update in the Apple menu
•
Identify any updates that have been installed
• Define the terms ”system version number,” ”build number,” and ”serial
number” as they pertain to OS X installation
•
Identify the version number, build number, and serial number of the
installed OS
• Describe the process for creating an external Lion Recovery volume
• State the methods for obtaining the Lion Installer
• Create a Lion Recovery volume on an unformatted external storage
device
• State from which types and sources of data the Migration Assistant can
migrate
• Describe how to use the Lion Recovery volume to reinstall OS X
• Reinstall OS X on a Mac with a Lion Recovery volume
Chapter One review questions
After completing Chapter One, you should be able to answer the following
questions.
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
71. What are the minimum hardware requirements for upgrading
a system to OS X Lion?
2. What seven preparation steps must you take before
upgrading a system to Lion?
3. How can you identify whether a Mac requires a firmware
update?
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a singlepartition drive with Mac OS X? What about a multiplepartition drive?
5. What utilities are available when a Mac starts up from Lion
Recovery?
6. Where can you locate the system version number, build
number, and serial number? What is the significance of each
of these numbers?
7. How do the four default System Preferences categories differ?
8. How do you ensure that you have the latest Apple software?
Answers
1. The minimum requirements for upgrading Lion are:
• A Mac with an Intel Core 2 Duo, Core i3, Core i5, Core i7, or Xeon
processor 2GB of memory
• Mac OS X v10.6.6 or later (v10.6.8 recommended)
• 7GB of available disk space
• Some features require an Apple ID; terms apply
• Some features require a compatible Internet service provider; fees may
apply
2. Seven steps you should take before upgrading a system to
Lion are
• plug portable Macs into main power
• Use Apple Software Update
• Check for firmware updates
• Verify application compatibility
• Back up important files and folders
• Document critical settings
• Keep up to date by visiting Apple’s Lion support website.
3. You can identify a Mac firmware version by opening the full
system report in the System Information application. You can
verify whether a Mac firmware is up to date by visiting
Apple’s support website to see a list of available firmware
updates.
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
84. Single-partition drives are easier to set up initially, but they
aren’t as flexible for administration and maintenance.
Multiple-partition drives require repartitioning during setup
but provide several separate partitions, which can be used to
segregate user data and host multiple operating systems.
5. The Lion Recovery system provides access to Restore System
From Time Machine Backup, Reinstall Mac OS X, Get Help
Online via Safari, Disk Utility, Startup Disk, Firmware Password
Utility, Terminal, Reset Password, System Information, and
Network Utility.
6. The system version, build number, and hardware serial
number are located in the About This Mac dialog or the login
screen. The system version number defines the specific
version of Mac OS X installed. The system build number is an
even more specific identifier used primarily by developers.
Finally, the hardware serial number is a unique number used
to identify your Mac.
7. Generally, Personal preferences affect only a single user,
Hardware preferences adjust hardware and peripheral
settings, Internet & Wireless preferences affect personal and
system network settings, and System preferences affect all
users and often require administrative access.
8. The Software Update application uses the Internet to check
for Apple software updates. You can adjust automatic update
settings or manually open the Software Update application
from the Software Update preferences.
Chapter Two: User Accounts
Upon completion of Chapter Two, “User Accounts” in OS X Lion Support
Essentials, you should be able to complete the following tasks. Seven items
from this chapter are included in the pool of exam questions. Questions
are drawn randomly from the following objectives:
• Create a local user account
• Configure a local user account with a name, short name, picture,
parental control, administrator access, password, and several login
items
• Customize the appearance and behavior of the login window
• Reset a user’s password
• Disable fast user switching
• Switch between two configured user accounts
• Delete a local user account
• Restore a deleted user’s data
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
9• Troubleshoot an issue related to fast user switching
• Resolve an issue related to fast user switching
• Troubleshoot a lost administrator account password
• Resolve a lost administrator account password
• List five types of user accounts in OS X and compare and contrast them
•
Identify three attributes of user accounts in OS X
• Describe the security risks related to enabling the Guest account, user
account, and sharing user account
• Describe a security risk of using an administrator account as the
primary user account
• Describe an advantage of using an administrator account as the
primary user account in OS X
• List the default folders in a user home folder
• Compare and contrast the functions of each of the default folders in a
user’s home folder in OS X
• List the resources that an administrator can limit in the Parental
Controls pane of System Preferences
• Describe three errors that can occur when fast user switching is turned
on and two users access the same file or peripheral
• Describe errors that can occur when fast user switching is turned on
and two users access the same application simultaneously, as
described in Apple Support article 25619 <http://docs.info.apple.com/
article.html?artnum=25619>
• Describe a security risk when fast user switching is turned on, and
other local users switch to their accounts
• Test a password’s robustness
• Create a secure password
• View a keychain password
• Set a Master password
• Reset the Master password
• Configure the computer to be more secure
• Troubleshoot a lost FileVault-encrypted user account password,
• Compare and contrast how login, Firmware, resource, and keychain
passwords function in OS X
• Compare and contrast the roles of keychains, keychain items, and
keychain first aid
• Describe how FileVault secures user data
• Describe how resetting a user account password can cause the
keychain and user account password to get out of sync
• Describe how resetting a user account password can cause the
FileVault and user account password to get out of sync
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
10• Describe how the Firmware password feature prevents users from
changing passwords for user accounts other than their own
• Describe how to enable and disable the firmware password
• Describe the implications and process for converting Legacy FileVault
data to FileVault 2
• Describe the functions and features of the keychains in OS X
• Use Keychain Access to create new keychains, reset keychain
passwords, and change keychain settings
• Describe how to use an Apple ID to reset a user account password
• Reset the account password for the user associated with an Apple ID
• Enable and disable the firmware password
• Upgrade a user’s account from Legacy FileVault to FileVault 2
• Troubleshoot a lost Master password,
Chapter Two review questions
After completing Chapter Two, you should be able to answer the following
questions.
1. What are the five types of user accounts in Lion? How are
they different?
2. What are account attributes?
3. How can you restrict a user account from having full access to
all applications?
4. What are some security risks associated with each type of
user account?
5. What default folders make up a user’s home folder? What are
some optional folders in a user’s home folder?
6. What types of resource contention issues can occur when fast
user switching is enabled?
7. What security risk is associated with fast user switching?
8. What does a keychain do?
9. How does Legacy FileVault secure a user’s data?
10. How does resetting the Master password affect existing
Legacy FileVault user accounts?
11. How does resetting a user’s password as an administrative
user affect that user’s keychains?
12. How does the Firmware Password Utility help prevent users
from making unauthorized password changes?
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
11Answers
1. Standard is the default account type; administrative users can
make changes to the system; a guest user doesn’t require a
password; sharing only users can access only shared files; and
the root user has unlimited access.
2. Account attributes are the individual pieces of information
that define a user account. Examples include full name,
account name, user ID, universally unique ID (UUID), group,
and home directory.
3. Parental controls can be used to further limit a user account.
Examples include enforcing a simple Finder, limiting
applications and widgets, setting time limits, and filtering
content.
4. Standard user accounts are very secure, assuming they have
good passwords. Administrative users can make changes that
may negatively affect the system or other user accounts. A
guest user could fill your system drive with unwanted files.
Sharing only users are generally secure as long as you don’t
give them too much access to your items. The potential for
mayhem with root user access is nearly unlimited.
5. The default folders in a user’s home folder are Desktop,
Documents, Downloads, Library (hidden), Movies, Music,
Pictures, and Public. Optional home folder items include
Applications and Sites folders.
6. Resource contention occurs when fast user switching is
enabled and a user tries to access an item that another user
has open in the background. Document contention occurs
when a user attempts to open a document that another user
has already opened. Peripheral contention occurs when a
user attempts to access a peripheral that’s already in use by
another user’s open application. Application contention
occurs when the second user attempts to access an
application that’s designed to run only once on a system.
7. When fast user switching is enabled, all users can see other
users’ locally connected drives.
8. A keychain is an encrypted file that securely saves passwords,
certificates, or notes. By default, all users have a login
keychain that has the same password as their account.
9. Legacy FileVault stores the user’s home folder in an encrypted
disk image. This disk image is accessible only by the Legacy
FileVault user.
10. If a known Master password is reset using the Security &
Privacy preferences, Legacy FileVault accounts won’t be
negatively affected. On the other hand, if a Master password
is reset because it was lost, Legacy FileVault accounts can’t be
reset by the new Master password.
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
1211. If an administrative user resets another user’s account
password, this process won’t change any keychain
passwords. Therefore, the user’s keychains won’t automatically
open when the user logs in with the new password. The user
will have to use Keychain Access to manually change
keychain passwords.
12. The Firmware Password Utility prevents users from starting
up from another system drive, which then prevents them
from using a Lion Recovery system to reset local passwords
without authorization.
Chapter Three: File Systems
Upon completion of Chapter Three, “File Systems” in OS X Lion Support
Essentials, you should be able to complete the following tasks. Nine items
from this chapter are included in the pool of exam questions. Questions
are drawn randomly from the following objectives:
• Configure OS X so that the entire hard drive is encrypted
• Resolve lost login password and recovery key issues on a Mac with OS
X installed on FileVault 2 encrypted disk
• Change the partition map scheme of a non-boot disk, such as an
external hard disk
• Format a computer’s hard disk as specified in a set of volume and
partition scheme specifications
• Gather information about the format, partition scheme, bus type, and
available space on local hard disks and volumes
• Repair the hard disk
• Securely erase a volume using the Zero Out Data option
• Configure a Mac into Target Disk Mode so it can be connected to
another computer as a hard drive
• Unmount one of the computer’s storage devices
• Use the Finder to burn a data CD or a data DVD
• Use Disk Utility to burn a data CD or a data DVD
• Troubleshoot and resolve a scenario in which corrupted volume
permissions have motivated an unbootable system or file access issues
• Given two Mac computers with OS X installed, Internet access, and a
scenario in which one computer has become unbootable, resolve the
issue by migrating user data from the unbootable disk
• Differentiate between hard disks, partitions, and volumes
• Compare and contrast GUID, APM, and MBR partition map schemes
• Compare and contrast the volume formats supported by OS X: Mac OS
Extended; Mac OS Extended (Journaled); Mac OS Extended (Journaled,
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
13Case-Sensitive); UFS; FAT32; NTFS; ExFAT; and Mac OS Extended
(Journaled, Encrypted)
• Describe how file system journaling works in OS X
• Compare and contrast the RAID schemes Disk Utility supports
• Describe the Verify and Repair features of Disk Utility
• Compare and contrast the erase options available in Disk Utility,
including single-pass, 3-pass, and 7-pass erases
• Describe the function of the Secure Empty Trash feature in the Finder
• Describe how power failures and force-ejecting a disk can corrupt a
volume
•
Identify three ways to unmount a disk from the Finder
• Describe the steps required to use the Finder to burn a CD or DVD
• Describe the steps required to use Disk Utility to burn a CD or DVD
• Describe Target Disk Mode
• Change the owner and group for a file and a folder
• Store an application and a data file so that they’re accessible only to
individual local users
• Configure file and folder permissions to enforce a set of access
specifications
• Use Lion Recovery to repair permissions on the computer’s boot
volume
• Troubleshoot a scenario in which incorrect permissions have caused a
file access issue
• Describe the function of each of the permission settings and ACL
settings on OS X files and folders
•
Identify the owner and group for any file in a file system
•
Identify the owner and group permission settings for users’ home
folders
• Describe why the root of any user’s home folder is accessible to other
users
• Describe the permissions you can set on the Shared folder so it will act
as a shared storage location for local user accounts
• Describe what it means to ”ignore volume ownership,” including when
it is useful to do so, and one potential risk when ignoring ownership
• Describe how the organization of the OS X file system allows multiple
users to safely share local files and folders
• Define the term “sticky bit” as it applies to the OS X file system
• State the requirements for FileVault 2 on an OS X Lion computer
• Describe how to securely erase the remaining space on a drive
connected to an OS X computer
• Use Disk Utility to securely erase remaining space on a drive
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
14• Describe how to force an item that’s in use to eject
• Configure a Mac that has a Lion Recovery HD to use FileVault 2
• Describe the tools and methods for locking and unlocking files for
particular users on the system
• Describe the tools and methods for resetting home folder permissions
• Reset the home folder permissions on a Mac booted from a Lion
Recovery volume
Chapter Three review questions
After completing Chapter Three, you should be able to answer the
following questions.
1. What is the difference between disk drives, partitions, and
volumes?
2. What are the two primary partition schemes for Macformatted drives? What are their differences?
3. What two volume formats does a Lion system volume
support?
4. How does file system journaling work?
5. What are the four erase options available in Disk Utility? What
are the differences between them?
6. How does the Finder’s Secure Empty Trash feature work?
7. What four methods can be used to eject a volume or drive
from the Finder?
8. What is the potential side effect of improperly unmounting or
ejecting a drive or volume?
9. What differentiates a RAID 0 set from a RAID 1 set?
10. How do you use the Finder’s Burn Folder feature?
11. How do you use Disk Utility to burn an optical disc?
12. Why is the root, or beginning, level of a user’s home folder
visible to other users?
13. How do you set the permissions on the Shared folder to allow
local user sharing?
14. How does the default organization of the file system allow
users to safely share local files and folders?
15. What does it mean when you choose the option to “ignore
volume ownership” in the Finder? What are the security
ramifications of ignoring volume ownership?
16. How do you identify the ownership and permissions of a file
or folder in the Finder?
17. What is the sticky bit?
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
1518. What is the locked file flag?
19. How do you use Disk Utility’s Verify and Repair feature?
20. What is Target Disk Mode and how do you turn it on?
Answers
1. Disk drives are the actual storage hardware; partitions are
logical divisions of a disk drive used to define the storage
space; and volumes, contained inside partitions, define how
the individual files and folders are saved to the storage.
2. GUID Partition Table is the default partition scheme on Intelbased Mac computers, and Apple Partition Map is the default
partition scheme on PowerPC-based Mac computers.
3. The volume formats supported as system volumes for Lion
are Mac OS Extended (Journaled) and Mac OS Extended
(Journaled, Encrypted).
4. File system journaling records what file operations are in
progress at any given moment. This way, if a power failure or
system crash occurs, after the system restarts it can quickly
verify the integrity of the volume by “replaying” the journal.
5. The four erase options in Disk Utility are Fastest, which simply
replaces the volume’s directory structure; a second choice
(single-pass erase), which provides good security by writing
zeros on top of all the previous drive data; a third choice (3-
pass erase), which provides even better security by writing
three separate passes of information on top of the previous
drive data; and Most Secure (7-pass erase), which provides the
best security by writing seven separate passes of information
on top of the previous drive data.
6. The Finder’s Secure Empty Trash performs a 7-pass erase on
the contents of the Trash folder.
7. The four methods for ejecting a volume or drive from the
Finder are: drag the drive icon to the Trash in the Dock; press
and hold the Eject key to unmount and eject optical media;
select the volume you wish to unmount and eject from the
Finder and choose File > Eject from the menu bar; and,
finally, in the Finder’s sidebar, click the small Eject button next
to the volume you wish to unmount and eject.
8. Improperly unmounting or ejecting a drive or volume may
cause data corruption. The system will automatically verify
and repair an improperly unmounted or ejected volume the
next time it becomes available to the Mac.
9. RAID 0 uses disk striping to simultaneously write data to all
drives, providing increased performance, but it increases your
chances of data loss due to drive failure. RAID 1 uses disk
mirroring to write the same data to multiple drives, which
does not increase performance but does greatly decrease
your chances of data loss due to drive failure.
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
1610. You can burn a disc with the Finder in several ways. First, you
can create a burn folder of any size by choosing File > New
Burn Folder from the menu bar. After you’re done adding and
arranging items in the burn folder, click the Burn button and
then insert a blank recordable optical disc. You can also create
a burn folder of a specific optical disc size by first inserting a
blank recordable optical disc; the Finder will automatically
create a burn folder that matches the size of the recordable
optical disc.
11. Disk Utility can burn the contents of a disk image to an
optical disk. Click the Burn button in Disk Utility’s toolbar,
select a disk image, and then insert a blank recordable optical
disc.
12. The root level of a user’s home folder is visible to other users
so they can navigate to the Public and Sites shared folders.
13. The Shared folder is set up to allow all users to read and write
files, but only the user who owns an item can delete it from
the Shared folder. This is accomplished using the sticky bit
permissions setting.
14. Every home folder contains a Public folder that other users
can read and a Drop Box folder that other users can write to.
All other subfolders in a user’s home folder (except the
optional Sites folder) have default permissions that don’t
allow access to other users. The Shared folder is also set for all
users to share items.
15. You can choose to ignore ownership on any nonsystem
volume. This ignores any ownership rules and grants any
logged-on user unlimited access to the contents of the
volume. It’s a potential security risk because any local user
account can have full access to the volume even if that user
didn’t originally mount the volume.
16. You can identify an item’s ownership and permissions with
the Get Info or Inspector windows in the Finder.
17. The sticky bit is a special permission used to define a folder as
an append-only destination or, more accurately, a folder in
which only the owner of the item can move, rename, or
delete the item.
18. The locked file flag prevents anyone, including the item’s
owner, from editing an item. Only the item’s owner can
unlock the item to then allow modification.
19. The Disk Utility’s Verify and Repair feature can verify and
repair the directory structure of a volume. The directory
structure contains all the information used to locate files and
folders on the volume.
20. Target Disk Mode is a Mac-specific hardware feature that you
can use to share a Mac internal disk drives through its
FireWire ports. You can turn on Target Disk Mode from the
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
17Startup Disk preferences or by holding down the T key as you
turn on the Mac.
Chapter Four: Data Management
Upon completion of Chapter Four, “Data Management” in OS X Lion Support
Essentials, you should be able to complete the following tasks. Ten items
from this chapter are included in the pool of exam questions. Questions
are drawn randomly from the following objectives:
• Access the contents of a package
•
Install a font so only one user account can use it
• Locate a file in the OS X file system that has specific metadata
• Configure privacy settings for Spotlight
• Troubleshoot and resolve scenarios in which resources, including fonts,
are missing from a search path
• Configure the Finder to show all file extensions
• Change which application is set to open a file or file type
• List the four default top-level folders visible in the Finder
• Describe a resource fork, including its advantages and disadvantages
• Compare and contrast the System, Local, User, and Network domains,
including what resources are stored in each, and the order in which OS
X searches for resources in the file system
• Describe OS X extended attributes, and give one example of
information the system keeps as an extended attribute
• Compare and contrast these file types: extensions, frameworks, fonts,
preferences, startup items, and logs
• Compare and contrast file system packages and bundles, and their
purposes
•
Identify where files of each of these file types are located in the file
system: extensions, frameworks, fonts, preferences, startup items, and
logs
• Describe how Spotlight metadata is used
• Describe how and why the Finder hides certain folders by default
•
Identify potential privacy and security issues with Spotlight
• Describe where metadata indexes and plug-ins are stored in the OS X
file system
• Describe how the Finder identifies which application it should use to
open a file
• Create a compressed copy of specified files
• Create a disk image that archives and compresses target files
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
18• Create an encrypted disk image that archives and compresses target
files
• Compare and contrast disk images created with Disk Utility and zip
archives created with the Finder
• Describe what options are available when you use Disk Utility to create
a new blank image
• Choose the destination where Time Machine should store backup data
• Verify backup frequency, retention schedule, and items excluded from
backup
• Use a Time Machine backup to restore individual files, a complete set
of user data, and a full system
• View items inside the Time Machine archive
• Describe how Time Machine works
•
Identify which files are always omitted from Time Machine backups
• Describe issues with backing up large database files that are frequently
updated
• Describe the archive format Time Machine uses
• Describe why a specific archived file may not be available due to
backup or retention schedule parameters
• Compare and contrast the features and functions of aliases and links as
implemented in OS X
• Describe the tools and methods used to create aliases and links
• Create an alias
• Describe the features and functions of Quick Look
• State the location of Quick Look plugins
• State the file types Quick Look supports in a default installation of OS X
• State which applications included with OS X use Quick Look
• Use Quick Look to view files of different types
• Describe how Time Machine uses encryption in a backup
• Configure a Time Machine backup to use encryption
• Repair a broken alias
• Describe the structure and purpose of the Apple Double metadata
format
•
Identify the files and their associated Apple Double metadata files in a
non-native share point containing native OS X files
Chapter Four review questions
After completing Chapter Four, you should be able to answer the following
questions.
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
191. What are the four default top-level folders visible in the
Finder?
2. What are six common system resources? What purpose does
each resource serve? Where are they located in the file
hierarchy?
3. What are the four system resource domains? What purpose
does each domain serve?
4. Why does the Finder hide certain folders at the root of the
system volume?
5. What two methods can you use to hide items from the
Finder?
6. What is file system metadata? What are some examples of file
system metadata?
7. What are some of the common file flags Lion uses?
8. What does Lion use bundles or packages for?
9. How does the system identify which application to open
when a user double-clicks a file?
10. What are some privacy and security concerns with Spotlight?
11. What are the differences between zip archives and disk
images?
12. How does Spotlight use metadata?
13. Where does Spotlight store its metadata index databases?
How about the Spotlight plug-ins?
14. What backup destinations does Time Machine support?
15. How does Time Machine maintain a backup history of the file
system?
16. What types of files are omitted from Time Machine backups?
17. Why is Time Machine inefficient at backing up large
databases?
18. Why might a previously backed-up item no longer be
available in Time Machine?
Answers
1. The four default top-level folders visible in the Finder are:
• Applications, containing applications all local users have access to
• Library, containing system resources all local users have access to;
• System, containing necessary system resources
• Users, containing all the local user home folders.
2. Six common system resources are:
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
20• Extensions, which attach themselves to the system kernel to provide
hardware and peripheral driver support
• F rameworks, which are shared code libraries that provide additional
software resources for both applications and system processes
• Fonts
• Preference files, which contain application and system configuration
information
• LaunchAgents and LaunchDaemons, used by launchd to provide
services that automatically start when they’re needed or at system
startup
• Logs, which are text files that contain error and progress entries from
nearly any application or system service.
3. The four system resource domains are:
• User, containing applications and system resources specific to each
user account
• Local, containing applications and system resources available to all
users on the local Mac
• Network (optional), containing applications and system resources
available to any Mac that has an automated network share
• System, containing applications and system resources required to
provide basic system functionality.
4. The Finder hides traditional UNIX resources from average
users because they don’t need to access those items. If users
do need access to these UNIX items, they can access them
from Terminal.
5. The Finder doesn’t show items with periods at the beginning
of their filename or items with the hidden file flag enabled.
6. Metadata is information stored outside a file or folder. It
provides additional information about files and folders.
Examples include file flags, extended file attributes, and
permissions.
7. Common file flags include the locked flag, which locks files
from changes, and the hidden flag, which hides the item in
the Finder.
8. OS X uses bundles and packages to combine complex items
into individual folders. Packages have the advantage of
appearing as a single item in the Finder, and software
developers can combine resources into a single item,
preventing users from altering those resources.
9. Files are identified primarily by their filename extension.
Launch Services maintains a database of known applications
and which file types they can open. When you double-click a
file in the Finder, Launch Services tries to find an appropriate
match. You can override the default application selection in
the Finder.
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
2110. Though Spotlight indexes file and folder permissions, it will
allow other users to search the contents of locally attached
nonsystem volumes when ownership is ignored on those
volumes.
11. You can create zip archives with the Finder from a specific
selection of items. Zip archives are compatible with many
operating systems. On the other hand, you use Disk Utility to
create disk images and you can create highly flexible archive
volumes that contain nearly anything.
12. Spotlight creates index databases of file system metadata so
that it can perform normally time-intensive searches nearly
instantly.
13. Spotlight metadata index databases are stored at the root of
every volume in a /.Spotlight-V100 folder. However, a Legacy
FileVault user’s database is stored in the user’s encrypted
home folder. Also, the Mail application maintains its own
database in each user’s home folder at ~/Library/Mail/V2/
MailData/Envelope Index. Spotlight plug-ins are in any Library
in a folder named Spotlight.
14. Time Machine can back up to any Mac OS Extended volume,
a network share hosted on Time Capsule, or a network share
hosted on an OS X Server computer.
15. Time Machine starts with a full copy of the file system; then it
records any changes to the file system and copies only the
changes. It creates a simulation of the full file system using
hard links for files that haven’t changed.
16. Time Machine always ignores temporary files, Spotlight
indexes, items in the Trash, and anything else considered a
cache. Time Machine also ignores any files an application has
defined as exempt, or any files you have defined as exempt in
the Time Machine preferences.
17. Time Machine is inefficient at backing up large databases
because it must back up the entire database file every time
any change, no matter how small, is made to the database.
18. An item you previously backed up may not be available if the
backup volume is full and Time Machine has deleted older
items to make room for newer items.
Chapter Five: Applications and Processes
Upon completion of Chapter Five, “Applications and Processes” in OS X Lion
Support Essentials, you should be able to complete the following tasks. Six
items from this chapter are included in the pool of exam questions.
Questions are drawn randomly from the following objectives:
• Force an application to quit in two ways
• Resolve corrupted preferences in an application
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
22• Troubleshoot and resolve corrupt files inside a Library folder
• Troubleshoot and resolve corrupted preferences on the system
• Define protected memory
• Describe the application environments OS X supports
• Define 64-bit memory addressing
•
Identify the architecture (PowerPC or Intel) an application supports
•
Identify processes and applications that are using a significant
percentage of RAM or processor time
• List installed applications
•
Identify three ways to force an application to quit
• Describe where OS X stores application preferences
• Describe the format of preference files
•
Identify the preference pane that enables accessibility features in the
Finder and other applications
• Describe Universal Access’s VoiceOver feature
• Describe the function of Universal Access
• Describe advantages of signed applications
• Describe how to troubleshoot application environment issues
•
Install a widget that only one user can access, and a widget that all
users can access
• Locate preferences stored by Dashboard widgets
• Remove installed Dashboard widgets
• Troubleshoot and resolve an issue with a Dashboard widget
• Describe how Dashboard widgets work
• Describe security implications of installing Dashboard widgets
• Describe the key features of the Mac App Store
• Describe the key requirements for using the Mac App Store to
purchase and install applications
• Describe the process for signing in and out of the Mac App Store with
a valid Apple ID
• Verify the currently active Apple ID for the Mac App Store
• Use the Mac App Store to purchase, download, and install an
application
• Use the Mac App Store to update an application purchased on the Mac
App Store
• Use the Mac App Store to view and manage purchases
• Describe the features, purpose, and operation of Auto Save
• Create a locked document with the pop-up menu in the document’s
title bar
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
23• Describe the features, purpose, and operation of Versions
• Choose Browse All Versions from the document’s title bar and use the
timeline interface to restore a previous version of a document
• Use the pop-up menu in the document’s title bar to modify a locked
document
• Use the pop-up menu in the document’s title bar to create a template
from a locked document
• Use the pop-up menu in the document’s title bar to create a duplicate
document
• Choose Browse All Versions in the document’s title bar and use the
timeline interface to copy between versions of a document
• Describe the requirements and process for running Java applications
on OS X
• Describe the purpose and benefit of application sandboxing
•
Install and run a Java application
• Compare and contrast 32- and 64-bit modes for OS X applications
• Configure an application to run in 32-bit mode
• Compare and contrast using dragging to install applications and using
installation packages to install applications
•
Install an application with drag-and-drop
•
Install an application with an installation package
• Describe the tools and methods for updating applications that were
installed using either traditional drag and drop or installation packages
• Update an application that was installed with drag-and-drop
• Update an application that was installed with an installation package
• Compare and contrast the tools and methods to remove applications
with Launchpad, Trash, and uninstallers
• Remove an application with Launchpad
• Remove the application that was installed by drag-and-drop using the
Trash
• Remove an application using its uninstaller
• Describe the function, purpose, and benefits of the Resume feature
• Describe the tools and methods to control the Resume feature
• Use the options presented in the logout window to enable and disable
the Resume feature
• Use System Preferences to enable and disable the Resume feature
• Describe the diagnostic reporting and log features supported in the
Console application
• Use the Console application to display diagnostic reporting and logs
for a particular application
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
24Chapter Five review questions
After completing Chapter Five, you should be able to answer the following
questions.
1. What is protected memory? What is 64-bit memory
addressing?
2. What are the five application environments Lion supports?
Which one requires an additional download and installation?
3. What are the advantages of code signing?
4. What are the requirements for purchasing applications on the
Mac App Store?
5. What system preference enables the accessibility features in
Lion? What accessibility features are available in Lion?
6. What is Auto Save? How can you identify an application that
supports Auto Save?
7. How deep is the version history of a file when shared by
email?
8. How can you identify an application’s type?
9. How can you identify which applications are installed on your
Mac?
10. What steps should you take to troubleshoot application
issues?
11. What three ways can you can force an application to quit
from the graphical interface?
12. What does the diagnostic reporting feature do?
13. Where are application preferences stored? What format is
often used for preference files?
14. What process or processes are responsible for Dashboard
widgets?
Answers
1. The system keeps applications from interfering with one
another by segregating their memory usage using protected
memory. Mac computers with 64-bit-capable processors
allow processes to run in 64-bit mode, which allows them to
individually access more than 4GB of memory.
2. The five application environments supported by Lion are:
•
Cocoa, the native application environment for OS X
• Carbon, which is based on Mac OS 9 but still provides native
performance
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
25• BSD, which is Lion’s command-line interface (CLI) and is based on
Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) UNIX
• X11, which is a popular UNIX windowing environment
• Java, which works as a cross-platform application solution. Lion doesn’t
include the Java application runtime, so it must be downloaded and
installed after Lion’s initial installation.
3. Code-signed items include a digital signature that the system
can use to verify the authenticity and integrity of the
application or process and its resources.
4. The requirements to purchase items from the Mac App Store
are Mac OS X v10.6.6 or later, an Apple ID, an Internet
connection, and authorization as a local administrator.
5. Lion’s accessibility features are available from the Universal
Access preferences. Universal Access includes options to assist
users who have difficulty seeing, hearing, using the keyboard,
or using the mouse and trackpad.
6. Auto Save is a new feature in Lion that allows applications to
automatically save changes to users’ documents. Once users
save a document the first time, they never have to think
about saving changes again. Applications that support Auto
Save feature a Duplicate function in the File menu instead of
a Save As function.
7. Documents sent via email or otherwise copied to a shared
location don’t retain any version history.
8. You can identify an application’s type with the Get Info or
Inspector window in the Finder or with System Profiler.
9. You can use the System Profiler application to easily scan all
the appropriate application locations and return a list of
installed applications.
10. General application troubleshooting steps include restarting
the application, trying another known working document,
trying another user account, checking log files, deleting cache
files, replacing preference files, and replacing application
resources.
11. The three ways to force an application to quit from the
graphical interface are from the Force Quit Application dialog
accessed from the Apple menu, from the Dock’s application
shortcut menu accessed by Control-clicking or right-clicking
the application’s icon, or from the
/Applications/Utilities/Activity Monitor application.
12. The diagnostic reporting feature automatically begins any
time an application crashes or hangs. This process creates a
diagnostic report log that can be viewed immediately,
reported to Apple via the Internet, or viewed later in the /
Applications/Utilities/Console application.
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
2613. Application preferences are almost always stored in the user’s
Library folder in the ~/Library/Preferences folder. Most
application preferences are property lists, which are XMLformatted files that use the “.plist” filename extension.
14. The Dock process starts the DashboardClient process
on behalf of the currently logged-in user. All open widgets
run inside the DashboardClient process.
Chapter Six: Network Configuration
Upon completion of Chapter Six, “Network Configuration” in OS X Lion
Support Essentials, you should be able to complete the following tasks.
Eleven items from this chapter are included in the pool of exam questions.
Questions are drawn randomly from the following objectives:
• Discuss the purpose and format of Internet Protocol (IP) addresses and
subnet masks
• Describe how the Internet Protocol uses a MAC address to send
messages between computers over a local area network (LAN)
• Describe how the IP transfers messages between computers over a
wide area network (WAN), including how IP addresses, subnet masks,
and routers work
• Describe how domain name service (DNS) is used to associate
computer host names with IP addresses on a network
• Define the terms ”service,” ”interface,” and ”protocol”
•
Identify an IPv4 address, an IPv6 address, and a MAC address
• Configure a network interface for TCP/IP, and DNS for a static address
• Configure a network interface for TCP/IP for a dynamic (DHCP) address
• Configure a network interface for WINS
• Configure proxy settings for a network interface
• Describe the ways to configure a network interface for 802.1X
• Configure link speed, duplex, and MTU for a network interface
• Configure PPPoE connection settings for an Ethernet interface
• Configure VPN settings, including PPTP, L2TP, and Cisco IPSec, for a VPN
connection
• Configure a virtual interface for a VLAN or for bonding
• Troubleshoot network connectivity issues
•
Isolate a network connection issue to the local computer, the network,
or a server
•
Isolate local network configuration issues that prevent use of LAN
resources
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
27• Troubleshoot and resolve a connection issue for a specific network
interface
• Monitor the incoming and outgoing traffic on a network interface for
network connectivity issues
• Make sure a DNS entry is correctly configured
• List the interfaces and interface protocols supported in a default
installation of OS X
• Describe how OS X computers acquire and use link-local TCP/IP
addresses on a network
•
Identify whether a network interface has received an IP address from a
DHCP server or is using a link-local address
•
Identify the Ethernet or Airport MAC address of an OS X computer
•
Identify a connection issue for a network interface
• List four common issues that can interrupt network services on an OS
X computer
• Configure multiple network interfaces
• Configure the network interface priority
• Create a new network location
• Change to a new network location
• Troubleshoot a failed network connection
• Make sure that a network route exists between two computers
• Describe how network port priority affects network connectivity
• Given a list of network interface priorities and active interfaces, identify
the interface used for network access
• Describe how computers get assigned IP addresses by a DHCP server
• Configure a Mac to automatically obtain an IP address from the DHCP
server
• Describe how OS X connects to Wi-Fi networks upon startup or wake
• Configure a Mac to connect to a Wi-Fi network
• Describe the criteria by which a Mac with OS X installed and functional
Wi-Fi hardware automatically connects to a Wi-Fi network
• Configure a Mac to connect to a secure Wi-Fi network
• Describe the types of secure Wi-Fi networks that a Mac with OS X
installed and functional Wi-Fi hardware can connect to
• Describe how OS X stores and manages credentials for accessing
secure Wi-Fi networks
• Define SSID as it relates to Wi-Fi networks
• Describe the purpose of SSIDs as they relate to Wi-Fi networks
•
Identify a particular SSID associated with a particular Wi-Fi network
• Create and join an ad hoc Wi-Fi network between two computers
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
28• Describe the features and purpose of Ad Hoc Networking as it relates
to Wi-Fi networks on OS X computers
• Describe the tools, options, and methods for configuring Wi-Fi on an
OS X computer
• Configure a Mac to prompt the user when it joins a Wi-Fi network
• Configure a Mac to show its Wi-Fi status
• Describe the tools, options, and methods for managing preferred
networks on an OS X computer
• Display the preferred networks that have been created on a Mac
• Create a preferred networks entry on a Mac
• Remove a preferred networks entry from a Mac
Chapter Six review questions
After completing Chapter Six, you should be able to answer the following
questions.
1. What do the terms interface, protocol, and service mean in
relation to computer networks?
2. What is the purpose of Internet Protocol (IP) addresses and
subnet masks? What is their format?
3. How does the IP use the MAC address to send messages
between computers on a local area network (LAN)?
4. How does the IP transfer messages between computers over
a wide area network (WAN)?
5. How does the Domain Name Service (DNS) facilitate network
naming?
6. How do network devices acquire and use link-local TCP/IP
addresses?
7. What interfaces and protocols does Lion support by default?
8. How does network service order affect network connectivity?
9. In the Network preferences, how can you tell which interface
is currently in use for network activities?
10. What functionality does Lion support with the AppleTalk
protocol?
11. What are four common issues that can interrupt network
services on a Mac?
12. How can you identify the MAC addresses for all of a Mac’s
network interfaces?
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
29Answers
1. An interface is any channel through which network data can
flow. Hardware network interfaces are defined by physical
network connections, while virtual network interfaces are
logical network connections that ride on top of hardware
network connections. A protocol is a set of rules used to
describe a specific type of network communication. Protocols
are necessary for separate network devices to communicate
properly. Finally, a network service (as it pertains to the
Network preferences) is the collection of settings that define
a network connection.
2. The Internet Protocol (IP) address identifies the location of a
specific network device. IP addresses are the primary
identification the Internet protocol suite TCP/IP uses for LANs
and WANs. Subnet masks are used by network devices to
identify their local network range and to determine whether
outgoing data is destined for a network device on the LAN.
Most common IP addresses and subnet masks share the same
IPv4 formatting. An IPv4 address is a 32-bit number
represented in four groups of three-digit numbers, known as
octets, separated by periods. Each octet has a value between
0 and 255.
3. If a network device needs to send data to another network
device on the same LAN, it addresses the outgoing packets
based on the destination device’s MAC address.
4. A network client uses the subnet mask to determine whether
the destination IP address is on the LAN. If the destination IP
address is not on the LAN, then it’s assumed the destination
address is on another network, and the client sends the data
to the IP address of the local network router. The network
router then sends the data, over a WAN connection, on to
another router that it thinks is closer to the destination. This
continues across WAN connections from router to router until
the data reaches its destination.
5. The DNS service translates host names to IP addresses with
forward lookups and translate IP addresses to host names by
using reverse lookups. DNS is architected as a hierarchy of
worldwide domain servers. Local DNS servers provide name
resolution and possibly host names for local clients. These
local DNS servers connect to DNS servers higher in the DNS
hierarchy to resolve both unknown host names and host local
domain names.
6. If DHCP is specified as the configuration for a TCP/IP
connection and no DHCP service is available, the device
automatically selects a random IP address in the
169.254.xxx.xxx range. It checks the local network to ensure
that no other network device is using the randomly
generated IP address before it applies the IP address. In most
cases, though, this addressing is not normal, and often
indicates a problem with DHCP services.
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
307. Lion supports the following network interfaces and protocols:
• Wired Ethernet IEEE 802.3 family of hardware network interface
standards
• Wireless (Wi-Fi) IEEE 802.11 family of hardware network interface
standards
• FireWire IEEE 1394 hardware network interface
• Analog modem hardware network interface
• Bluetooth wireless hardware network interface
• USB connectivity via cellular network adapters
• Virtual private network (VPN) virtual network interface via the Point-toPoint Tunneling Protocol (PPTP)
• VPN virtual network interface via the Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP)
over Internet Protocol security (IPsec)
• Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) virtual network interface
6 to 4 virtual network interface
• Virtual local area network (VLAN) virtual network interface via the IEEE
802.1Q standard
• Link Aggregation virtual network interface via the IEEE 802.3ad
standard
• Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), also known as
the Internet protocol suite
• Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Domain Name Service
(DNS) protocol
• Network Basic Input/Output System (NetBIOS) and Windows Internet
• Naming Service (WINS) protocols
• Authenticated Ethernet via the 802.1X protocol
• Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
8. The network service order list determines the primary
network service interface if there is more than one active
service. All network traffic that isn’t better handled via local
connection to an active network service interface is sent to
the primary network service interface. Thus, all Internet traffic
is sent through the primary network service interface.
Further, all DNS resolution is handled via the primary network
service interface.
9. In Network preferences, all network service interfaces with a
green status indicator are being used for network activities.
However, all network traffic that isn’t better handled by a local
connection is sent to the primary network service interface.
The primary network service interface is the topmost active
interface in the listing.
10. Lion does not support AppleTalk.
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
3111. Four common issues that interrupt network services on a Mac
are:
• A disconnected network cable will cause the hardware network
interface to become inactive.
• A nonfunctioning network interface port will cause the hardware
network interface to become inactive.
• A DHCP service issue will prevent proper TCP/IP configuration.
• A DNS service issue will prevent host name resolution.
12. You can identify all the MAC addresses for the computer’s
network interfaces from the Info pane of Network Utility.
Chapter Seven: Network Services
Upon completion of Chapter Seven, “Network Services” in OS X Lion Support
Essentials, you should be able to complete the following tasks. Twelve items
from this chapter are included in the pool of exam questions. Questions
are drawn randomly from the following objectives:
• Given a Mac with OS X installed, access network services
• Access files from each of the five types of accessible file servers
• Access screen sharing on other OS X computers
• Discover file services available on a WAN
• Access remote login (SSH) services on another computer from the
command line
• Map all open ports on a network computer
• Troubleshoot and resolve a network connectivity issue that arises due
to incorrect network configuration
• Describe the relationship between client software, client
configurations, server software, and server configurations relative to
network service access
• Describe the relationship between a network service and a network
port
• List three troubleshooting techniques for issues involving failure to
connect to various network services
• List the five types of file servers accessible with the “Connect to Server”
command
• List the service discovery protocols OS X supports
• Describe how OS X uses dynamic service discovery protocols to access
network services
• Describe how items inside /Network in OS X are populated and
organized
• Describe common issues when connecting to file-sharing services
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
32• Configure OS X to connect to an Active Directory server for
authentication and directory services
• Troubleshoot and resolve directory services issues in log files
• Obtain, view, and destroy a Kerberos ticket
• Troubleshoot an authentication issue by verifying Kerberos tickets and
checking for clock skew
• Troubleshoot an authentication issue by viewing the Directory Service
error log
• Define a directory as it relates to directory services
• List three types of resources OS X v10.7 can use from a directory
• Compare and contrast local and network user accounts
•
Identify two advantages of using directory services to store user
account information
• Describe three service discovery protocols OS X uses
• Define authentication
• Define authorization
• Compare and contrast Kerberos, LDAP, and Active Directory
authentication methods
• Compare and contrast the authentication and authorization processes
and outcomes
• Describe the Kerberos Distribution Center and a Kerberos ticket
• Compare and contrast Kerberos and keychain for managing
authentication for accessing services
• Describe three common authentication troubleshooting techniques
• Configure a Mac to share files with other computers on the network
over AFP, SMB, and FTP
• Share a folder with a user
• Provide Windows file services in OS X
• Troubleshoot and resolve an issue that a remote user is having
accessing files
• Troubleshoot and resolve different issues related to sharing services
• Describe how to configure an OS X computer’s file services so that
other computers can connect to it over AFP, SMB, and FTP
• Describe the default permissions structure of the File Sharing feature in
Mac OS X
• List the volumes that are accessible to a non-administrator user who
connects to an OS X computer that has file sharing over AFP and/or
SMB enabled
• List the volumes that are accessible to an administrator user who
connects to an OS X computer that has file sharing over AFP and/or
SMB enabled
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
33• Describe new password issues related to Windows Sharing
• Enable the firewall
• Disable the firewall
• Configure firewall ports
• Describe how firewalls work in OS X
• Describe the advanced firewall settings
• Describe AirDrop’s requirements, purpose, and operation
• Configure two computers to share files with AirDrop
• Share a file between two computers with AirDrop
Chapter Seven review questions
After completing Chapter Seven, you should be able to answer the
following questions.
1. What is the relationship between clients and servers as it
relates to network service access?
2. What is the relationship between a network service and a
network port?
3. What two dynamic network service discovery protocols does
Lion support?
4. How does Lion use dynamic network service discovery
protocols to access network services?
5. What five network file services can you connect to from the
Finder’s “Connect to Server” dialog?
6. How are items inside the Finder’s Network folder populated?
7. What is AirDrop, and how do you know whether a specific
Mac supports it?
8. How do you provide Lion file-sharing services to other
computers?
9. How is authentication handled to a client Mac providing SMB
service?
10. What shared items are accessible to an administrative user
who connects over AFP or SMB? What about a standard user?
11. What items are shared by default by all users?
12. What client sharing services can Lion provide?
13. What is the security risk of enabling client sharing services?
14. How does Lion’s built-in firewall work? What advanced
firewall settings are available?
15. What are some known issues that arise when connecting to
network file services?
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
3416. What are three common troubleshooting techniques for
issues involving failure to connect to network services?
17. What is a directory as it relates to directory services?
18. What are six common types of resources that Lion can access
from a directory service?
19. What are the primary differences between local, network, and
mobile accounts?
20. What are four advantages of using network directory services
to store account information?
21. What four directory service types can be used in Lion?
22. What is authentication? What is authorization?
23. What are three common authentication methods?
24. What is a Kerberos ticket? What is a Key Distribution Center
(KDC)?
25. How do Kerberos and the keychain system differ for
managing authentication services?
26. What are five common directory services and authentication
services troubleshooting techniques?
Answers
1. Client software accesses network services provided by server
software. The connection is established using a common
network protocol known by both the client and server
software. Thus, the client and server software can be from
different sources.
2. Network services are established with a common network
protocol. The protocol specifies which TCP or UDP port
number to use for communications.
3. Lion supports Bonjour and Server Message Block (SMB),
including support for legacy Network Basic Input/Output and
Windows Internet Naming Service (NetBIOS and WINS)
dynamic network service discovery protocols.
4. Devices providing a network service advertise their
availability via a dynamic network service discovery protocol.
Clients that are looking for services request and receive this
information to provide the user with a list of available
network service choices.
5. From the Finder’s “Connect to Server” dialog, you can connect
to Apple File Protocol (AFP), Server Message Blocks/Common
Internet File System (SMB), Network File System (NFS), Webbased Distributed Authoring and Versioning (WebDAV), and
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) network file services.
6. The Finder uses information provided by the dynamic
network services discovery protocols to populate the
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
35Network folder. Computers providing services appear as
resources inside the Network folder, and service discovery
zones or workgroups appear as folders. Any currently
connected servers also appear in the Network folder.
7. AirDrop provides a quick and easy way to share files locally
over Wi-Fi. AirDrop creates a secure peer-to-peer network
between local Mac computers. You can verify that a Mac
supports AirDrop from the Go menu in the Finder.
8. To provide services to other network clients, you first set the
computer’s network identification, then enable the desired
network file service, and finally define access to file system
resources.
9. To support SMB authentication to a Mac client providing filesharing services, users’ passwords must be stored in a special
format that’s enabled in Sharing preferences.
10. Administrators who connect to your Mac over AFP or SMB
have access to any locally mounted volume. By default,
standard users can access only their home folder and other
users’ Public folders.
11. By default, the items shared by all users are the local users’
Public folders inside their home folders.
12. The OS X client sharing services include screen sharing,
remote login, remote management, remote Apple Events, and
Xgrid sharing.
13. If a client sharing service is compromised, an unauthorized
user can control your Mac and execute unwanted
applications or processes.
14. Lion’s built-in firewall inspects each incoming network
connection to determine whether it’s allowed. Connections
are allowed or denied on a per-application basis. The
advanced firewall settings let you control whether signed
applications are automatically allowed through the firewall,
control the list of allowed (or denied) applications, and enable
stealth mode (which means your Mac won’t respond to any
unsolicited connections).
15. Files with metadata may cause problems for NFS or WebDAV
network file systems. Also, avoid AFP 2 services when they’re
provided by Windows file servers.
16. Review the Network preferences, review the Network Utility
statistics, and attempt to connect to different network
services.
17. A directory is a database of information that in some cases
can be shared over the network. The most commonly
accessed directory resource is account information.
18. Common directory resources that Lion can access include
user accounts, user groups, computer accounts, computer
groups, network file mounts, and management settings.
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
3619. Local accounts are available only to a single Mac; network
accounts are available to Mac computers connected to a
network directory service; and mobile accounts are network
accounts that are cached to the local Mac for offline use.
20. Four advantages of using network directory services to store
account information are: 1) user accounts are no longer tied
to individual Mac computers; 2) the same user account
information can be used for multiple network services; 3) you
can use Kerberos to provide secure single-sign-on
authentication; and 4) you can define user and computer
settings from a centralized location.
21. The directory service types that can be used in Lion are
Local, Network Information Systems (NIS), Lightweight
Directory Access Protocol version 3 (LDAPv3), and Active
Directory (AD).
22. Authentication is the process of proving your identity to the
computer; authorization defines which items or services you
can access.
23. Three common authentication methods are basic or clear-text
passwords, encrypted passwords, and Kerberos ticket–based
authentication.
24. Kerberos tickets validate an account’s identity. Kerberos uses
ticket-granting tickets (TGTs) and service tickets. Kerberos
requires a special trusted service known as the KDC. In most
cases, the KDC service is running alongside the network
directory service.
25. Kerberos can only be used to authenticate Kerberized
services and is often managed on a network-wide scale. The
keychain system can be used to save a wide variety of
authentication information, but only the local Mac can access
saved keychain information.
26. Common troubleshooting techniques for directory services
and authentication services are: 1) attempting to authenticate
with another user account; 2) resetting the account
password; 3) verifying network directory service connectivity
and configuration; 4) verifying Kerberos authentication and
configuration; and 5) checking the directory service log files.
Chapter Eight: Peripherals and Printing
Upon completion of Chapter Eight, “Peripherals and Printing” in OS X Lion
Support Essentials, you should be able to complete the following tasks.
Three items from this chapter are included in the pool of exam questions.
Questions are drawn randomly from the following objectives:
• Troubleshoot and resolve problems connecting to a peripheral arising
from a faulty hardware connection
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
37• Troubleshoot and resolve problems connecting to a peripheral arising
from corrupt firmware
•
Identify the buses OS X supports to connect to and communicate with
peripheral devices
• Compare and contrast uses of the buses available on a Mac and their
characteristics, such as speed, power requirements, and connector
types. Include these buses: Bluetooth, SCSI, ATA, Serial ATA, FireWire,
USB PC Card bus, and Thunderbolt
• Use the System Information utility to identify connected peripherals
and the buses they’re using
• Define the term ”device driver” as it applies to OS X
• List three ways a device driver can be implemented in OS X
• Add a USB or Bonjour printer
• Add a network LPR printer
• Configure the correct PPD for a specified printer
• Configure a Mac so that other computers on the network can use the
printer connected to the Mac
• Configure a document’s page setup and print characteristics, such as
layout and number of copies
• Manage print queues and print jobs, including holding, deleting, and
resuming print jobs
• Save a file in PDF and as a PostScript file
• Edit a printer’s name, location, and driver options
• Create a desktop printer
• Reset the printing system
• Troubleshoot a printing-related issue
• Describe the role of PPD files in printing
• Describe how to configure printing in OS X so that Windows users can
print to a printer shared from an OS X v10.7 computer
Chapter Eight review questions
After completing Chapter Eight, you should be able to answer the
following questions.
1. Which peripheral, expansion, and storage buses does Lion
support?
2. What is a device driver? What are three primary types of
device drivers?
3. How does Lion support third-party devices without needing
third-party device drivers?
4. What is CUPS?
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
385. What are PPD files responsible for?
6. How do you share printers with other Mac and Windows
users?
Answers
1. Lion supports Universal Serial Bus (USB), FireWire,
Thunderbolt, and Bluetooth peripheral buses; PCI Express
(PCIe), PC Card, and ExpressCard 34 expansion buses; and
Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA), Serial ATA (SATA),
Small Computer System Interface (SCSI), Serial Attached SCSI
(SAS), and Fibre Channel storage buses.
2. A device driver is software specially designed to facilitate
communication between Lion and a peripheral. Device
drivers can be kernel extensions, framework plug-ins, or
standalone applications.
3. Lion uses built-in generic drivers based on each device class.
For example, generic drivers for scanners and printers can be
used in lieu of official third-party drivers.
4. Common UNIX Printing System (CUPS) manages all printing
and faxing for Lion, including both local and shared printing.
5. PostScript Printer Description (PPD) files are printer driver files
that tell CUPS how to communicate with specific printer
models.
6. You can enable printer sharing for Mac clients from the Print
& Scan or Sharing preferences, but to enable authenticated
print sharing to Windows clients, you must also enable users’
passwords in the SMB file sharing settings from the Sharing
preferences.
Chapter Nine: System Startup
Upon completion of Chapter Nine, “System Startup” in OS X Lion Support
Essentials, you should be able to complete the following tasks. Thirteen
items from this chapter are included in the pool of exam questions.
Questions are drawn randomly from the following objectives:
• Configure the Mac to boot in Single User mode
• Configure the Mac to boot in Safe Mode
•
Identify, in order, each process that starts up at OS X startup
• Map visual and audible cues to the stages of the OS X startup
sequence
• Describe the role of BootROM and the Power On Self Test (POST) in OS
X startup
• Describe the role of the launchd processes during OS X system
startup
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
39• Describe the role of startup scripts in the OS X startup sequence
• Describe the role of the loginwindow process in the user
environment setup as described in System Startup Programming
Topics <http://developer.apple.com/documentation/MacOSX/
Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Articles/BootProcess.html#//apple_ref/
doc/uid/20002130-115340>
• Compare and contrast startup items with login items
•
Identify the stages of shutdown and logout
• Troubleshoot and resolve a startup issue related to launchd items
• Troubleshoot and resolve a startup issue related to startup items
• Troubleshoot a startup issue related to login items
• Troubleshoot and resolve issues caused by nonessential kernel
extensions
• Troubleshoot and resolve startup issues caused by Startup Items
•
Identify the location of files and scripts essential to OS X startup
• Compare and contrast Safe Boot and Safe Mode
•
Identify, in order, the items that load when starting up in Safe Mode
•
Identify the keyboard combination to start a Mac in Safe Mode
• Describe how to further isolate and then resolve an issue that
disappears when the computer starts up in Safe Mode
Chapter Nine review questions
After completing Chapter Nine, you should be able to answer the following
questions.
1. What are the primary system startup stages and user
environment stages in OS X, and in what order do they start?
2. What are the visual and audible cues of the stages of system
startup?
3. What does the firmware do? What is the POST?
4. What role does the system launchd process serve during
system startup?
5. What items are automatically started by the system
launchd during system startup?
6. What role does the loginwindow process serve in system
startup?
7. What is the difference between launch daemons, startup
items, launch agents, and login items?
8. What happens during user logout?
9. What happens during system shutdown?
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
4010. What is the difference between Safe Boot, Safe Mode, and
Safe Login?
11. Which items aren’t loaded when OS X safe-boots?
12. What keyboard shortcut do you use to safe-boot OS X?
13. How do you resolve an issue that disappears when the Mac
successfully safe-boots?
Answers
1. The primary system startup stages are: firmware, booter,
kernel, and system launchd (in that order). The primary user
environment stages are loginwindow, user launchd, and
user environment.
2. The visual and audible cues for system startup stages are:
firmware—startup chime or bright flash of the power-on light
followed by a light gray screen on the primary display; booter
—a dark gray Apple logo on the primary display; kernel—a
small dark gray spinning gear or spinning earth icon below
the Apple logo; and system launchd—a white screen on all
displays followed by the login screen.
3. The firmware initializes the Mac’s hardware and locates the
booter file on a system volume. The Power-On Self-Test
(POST) checks for basic hardware functionality when your
Mac turns on.
4. The system launchd process is ultimately responsible for
starting every system process. It also manages system startup
and starts the loginwindow process.
5. During system startup, the system launchd process
automatically starts /System/Library/LaunchDaemons, /
Library/LaunchDaemons, /Library/StartupItems (via
SystemStarter), and the /etc/rc.local UNIX script if it exists.
6. The loginwindow process displays the login screen that
allows the user to authenticate, and then sets up and
manages the graphical interface user environment.
7. The launchd process opens launch daemons and startup
items during system startup on behalf of the root user.
Launch agents and login items are opened during
initialization of the user environment by the user’s specific
launchd process.
8. During user logout, the user’s loginwindow process does
the following: requests that the user quit all applications;
automatically quits any user background processes; runs any
logout scripts; records the logout to the main system.log file;
resets device permissions and preferences to their defaults;
and quits the user’s loginwindow and launchd
processes.
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
419. During system shutdown, the loginwindow process logs
all users out and then tells the kernel to quit all remaining
system processes. Once the kernel quits all system processes,
the Mac will shut down.
10. Safe Boot refers to when the system is starting up; Safe Mode
is when the system is actually running; and Safe Login is
when the system starts up the user session.
11. When OS X safe-boots, it doesn’t load any third-party items,
such as KEXTs, launch agents, launch daemons, startup items,
fonts, any user login items, or any user-specific launch agents.
12. A Safe Boot is initiated by holding down the Shift key during
system startup.
13. If an issue disappears when the Mac successfully safe-boots,
then you must find and remove or quarantine the third-party
startup resource that caused the issue. The best way to isolate
the problematic item is to start up the Mac in Verbose mode
and then see where the startup process fails. Verbose mode is
initiated by holding down Command-V during system
startup.
OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam Preparation Guide
42

Lion 101
OS X Support Essentials 10.7
OS X Lion Support Essentials is a three-day, hands-on course that provides an in-depth
exploration of troubleshooting on OS X Lion. This course is designed to give you a tour of the
breadth of functionality of OS X Lion and the best methods for effectively supporting users of
OS X Lion systems. The course is a combination of lectures and hands-on case study exercises
that provide practical real-world experience.
Who Should Attend
• Help desk specialists, technical coordinators, service technicians, and others who support Mac
users
• Technical support personnel in businesses that use Macs
• Technical coordinators or power users who manage networks of computers running OS X —
such as teachers and technology specialists who manage networks or computer labs
What You Will Learn
• The troubleshooting process and how to become more efficient with available tools and
resources
• OS X 10. Lion features in depth, including how to find additional information
• How to prepare for Apple Certified Support Professional certification
Prerequisites
• Knowledge of OS X and basic computer navigation
Lion 101 OS X Support Essentials 10.7 © Apple Inc. All rights reserved.
Training and CertificationCourse Outline
Day 1
Chapter 1: Installation
Prepare and partition the drive, install OS X Lion, use the installer log files to verify a successful
installation, configure OS X Lion with the Setup Assistant, update software with Software Update
and Installer, tips and techniques for troubleshooting an installation problem.
Chapter 2: User Accounts
Create and manage user accounts, create and manage administrator accounts, locate directory
attributes, security, password selection, Keychain, and FileVault.
Chapter 3: File Systems
File systems supported by OS X Lion, file and directory ownership and permissions, Disk Utility
and file repair, using the command line for file management.
Day 2
Chapter 4: Data Management
The root volume, file system layout, preferences, frameworks, file types unique to OS X Lion (i.e.,
resource forks and packages), Spotlight, file archives, disk images. archiving and restoring data
with Time Machine, managing backup data, how to access the data outside of Time Machine.
Chapter 5: Applications and Processes
Applications supported in OS X Lion, applications created with different developer APIs, the
UNIX concept of a process, the relationship of processes and applications, tools to monitoring
and managing processes, application preferences, troubleshooting, Boot Camp.
Chapter 6: Network Configuration
Basic networking configuration, TCP/IP networking, Ethernet, AirPort, multiple network
connections, appropriate use of network locations, isolating and troubleshooting network
elements.
Day 3
Chapter 7: Network Services
Connecting to common network resources, Network Users accounts with Directory Services,
AFP, SMB, SSH, FTP, and WebDAV connections, Bonjour, NetBIOS, the network browser, isolating
client software issues from network issues.
Lion 101 OS X Support Essentials 10.7 © Apple Inc. All rights reserved. Enabling network services on a OS X Lion client, peer-to-peer collaboration, sharing files
between Macs and Windows, sharing web documents, screen sharing, firewall as well as
techniques to isolate server issues from client and network issues.
Chapter 8: Peripherals and Printing
Connecting peripherals to a Mac, cabling, connections, device drivers for common peripherals,
managing printers, print-job management, printer PPDs and PDF workflow, techniques for
isolating cabling, driver, or application issues.
Chapter 9: System Startup
Troubleshooting boot issues with a Mac at startup, phases of the startup process, which part of
the system is active during each phase, issues that can arise, automatic process launching with
launchd and login window startup items.
Certification Exam
Students can take the OS X Support Essentials 10.7 Exam to earn Apple Certified Support
Professional (ACSP) 10.7 certification.
Lion 101 OS X Support Essentials 10.7 © Apple Inc. All rights reserved. How to Register
Check the course schedule for a list of courses available for registration at Apple Authorized
Training Centers worldwide.
Build Credibility. Get Certified.
Demonstrate your knowledge by passing the OS X Support Essentials 10.7 exam and
earning Apple Certified Support Professional (ACSP) 10.7 certification.
Learning Options
The book for this course is OS X Lion Support Essentials: Supporting and Troubleshooting OS X
Lion by Kevin M. White. Save 30% by using coupon code PP-APL-DISC.
Lion 101 OS X Support Essentials 10.7 © Apple Inc. All rights reserved.